2025
5Rights Foundation. (2025). Children & AI Design Code.
Livingstone, S. & Lyons Longworth, M. (2025). Summary of DFC research on EdTech to date.Digital Futures for Children.
Rahali, M., Livingstone, S. & Kidron, B. (2025). Mobile phone restrictions in UK schools, one year on. Media@LSE. Blog Entry.
Livingstone, S., Lievens, E., Graham, R., Pothong, K., Steinberg, S. & Stoilova, M. (2025). Children’s privacy in the digital age: US and UK experiences and policy responses. In: Christakis, D.A. & Hale, L. (eds) Handbook of Children and Screens. Springer, Cham.
Shekhawat, G. & Özkul, D. (2025). The many faces of online scams – four key deceptions targeted at children. Media@LSE. Blog Entry.
Betancourt, L., Sylwander, K. & Livingstone, S. (2025). Being heard: Shaping digital futures for and with children. Media@LSE. Blog entry.
Atabey, A. (2025). Shaping the future of AI in education: a call for a children’s rights-based approach. Media@LSE. Blog Entry.
Livingstone, S. & Sylwander, K. (2025). There is no right age! The search for age-appropriate ways to support children’s digital lives and rights. Journal of Children and Media.
Livingstone, S. (2025). Child online safety – next steps for regulation, policy and practice. Media@LSE. Blog entry.
2024
van der Spuy, A., Witting, S., Burton, P., Day, E., Livingstone, S. & Ringmar Sylwander, K. (2024). Guiding principles for addressing technology-facilitated child sexual exploitation and abuse.Digital Futures for Children centre, 5Rights Foundation.
Livingstone, S., Nair, A., Stoilova, M., van der Hof, S. & Caglar, C. (2024). Children’s Rights and Online Age Assurance Systems: The Way Forward. The International Journal of Children's Rights, 32(3), 721-747.
Livingstone, S. & Sylwander, K.R. (2024). Children's rights and the UN Global Digital Compact. Policy briefing. Academy of Social Sciences.
Rahali, M., Kidron, B., & Livingstone, S. (2024). Smartphone policies in schools: What does the evidence say? Digital Futures for Children centre, LSE and 5Rights Foundation.
Livingstone, S., Pothong, K. & Colvert, A. (2024). Response to the call for evidence - Play Commission. Digital Futures for Children centre.
Livingstone, S. & Atabey, A. (2024). Response to ICO’s Children’s code strategy call for evidence. Digital Futures for Children centre.
Atabey, A. (2024). Response to the Call for Contributions: Artificial intelligence in education and its human rights-based use at the service of the advancement of the right to education by the UN’s Special Rapporteur on the right to education. Digital Futures for Children centre.
Atabey, A. & Hooper, L. (2024). International regulatory decisions concerning EdTech companies' data practices. Digital Futures for Children centre, LSE and 5Rights Foundation.
Kucirkova, N., Livingstone, S. & Radesky, J. (2024). Advancing the understanding of children's digital engagement: responsive methodologies and ethical considerations in psychological research. Frontiers in Psychology, 15.
Livingstone, S., Third, A. & Lansdown, G. (2024). Children vs Adults: Negotiating UNCRC General comment No.25 on children's rights in the digital environment. In Puppis, M., Mansell, R. & Van den Bulck, H. (Eds.), Handbook of Media and Communication Governance (pp. 414-428). Edward Elgar Publishers.
Colvert, A., Pothong, K. & Livingstone, S. (2024). Playful by Design: embedding children's rights into the digital world. ACM Games: Research and Practice.
Hooper, L., Atabey, A. & Pothong, K. (2024). Enforcement action improves privacy for children in education: more is needed. A brief analysis of recent changes to policies and practice in Google’s Workspace for Education. Digital Futures for Children centre, LSE and 5Rights Foundation.
Rahali, M., Livingstone, S. & Stoilova, M. (2024). Submission to the call for input on “Existing and Emerging Sexually Exploitative Practices against Children in the Digital Environment” by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children. Global Kids Online.
Wood, S. (2024). Impact of regulation on children’s digital lives. Digital Futures for Children centre, LSE and 5Rights Foundation.
Livingstone, S., Hooper, L. & Atabey, A. (2024). In support of a Code of Practice for Education Technology. Briefing by the Digital Futures for Children centre for Amendment 146 to the Data Protection and Digital Information Bill. Digital Futures for Children centre, LSE and 5Rights Foundation.
Livingstone, S., Pothong, K., Atabey, A., Hooper, L. & Day, E. (2024). The Googlization of the classroom: Is the UK effective in protecting children's data and rights? Computers and Education Open.
Livingstone, S., Cantwell, N., Özkul, D, Shekhawat, G. & Kidron, B. (2024). The best interests of the child in the digital environment. Digital Futures for Children centre, LSE and 5Rights Foundation.
Livingstone, S. (2024). Children’s rights in the digital age. An interview with Andrea Millwood Hargrave. Intermedia, 52(1).
Livingstone, S. & Özkul, D. (2024). Identifying the “best interests of the child” in relation to the digital environment. Media@LSE.
5Rights Foundation. (2024). A High Level of Privacy, Safety & Security for Minors. A best practices baseline for the implementation of the Digital Services Act for children. London: 5Rights Foundation.
Pothong, K., Colvert, A., Livingstone, S. & Pschetz, L. (2024). Applying children’s rights to digital products: Exploring competing priorities in design. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference, Delft, Netherlands.
2023
Livingstone, S. & Shekhawat, G. (2023). AI and children’s rights: a guide to the transnational guidance. Media@LSE.
Atabey, A., Pothong, K. & Livingstone, S. (2023). Glossary of terms relating to children’s digital lives. Digital Futures Commission, 5Rights Foundation.
Kidron, B., Pothong, K., Hooper, L., Livingstone, S., Atabey, A. & Turner, S. (2023). A Blueprint for Education Data: Realising children’s best interests in digitised education. Digital Futures Commission, 5Rights Foundation.
Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K. & Pothong, K. (2023). Digital play on children’s terms: A child rights approach to designing digital experiences. New Media & Society, 27(3), 1465-1485.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Vosloo, S. & Helsper. E.J. (2023). A Global Review of Selected Digital Inclusion Policies: Key findings and policy requirements for greater digital equality of children. Office of Global Insight and Policy (OGIP), UNICEF, Geneva (CH).
Pothong, K. & Livingstone, S. (2023). Children’s Rights through Children’s Eyes: A methodology for consulting children. Digital Futures Commission, 5Rights Foundation.
Atabey, A., Livingstone, S. & Pothong, K. (2023).How do our EdTech certification criteria emerge from our work at the Digital Futures Commission? Digital Futures Commission.
Atabey, A., Hooper, L., Livingstone, S. & Pothong, K. (2023). A step towards clarity: welcoming ICO’s new guidance for EdTech on the Age Appropriate Design Code. Digital Futures Commission.
Kardefelt-Winther, D., Stoilova, M., Büchi, M., Twesigye, R., Smahel, D., Livingstone, S., Bedrosová, M. & Kvardová, N. (2023). Children’s exposure to hate messages and violent images online. Innocenti Research Report, UNICEF Innocenti.
Livingstone, S., Stoilova, M., & Rahali, M. (2023). Realising children's rights in the digital age: The role of digital skills. KU Leuven: ySKILLS. See also: interactive report and animation.
Livingstone, S. & Pothong, K. (2023). Child Rights by Design: Guidance for Innovators of Digital Products and Services Used by Children. Digital Futures Commission, 5Rights Foundation. See the microsite.
Livingstone, S., & Pothong, K. (2023). Child Rights by Design. In Kirkham, H. & Woodfall, A. (Eds.), Children’s Media Yearbook 2023, (pp. 55-57). London: The Children’s Media Foundation.
Bryce, J., Livingstone, S., Davidson, J., Hall, B., and Smith, J. (2023). Online risks to children: evidence review. Reviewing the evidence base on online harms to children. NSPCC.
Livingstone, S. (2023). EdTech skirting data protection laws – The education sector comes together to give stark warning on children's privacy. Digital Futures Commission.
Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K. & Pothong, K. (2023). Digital play on children’s terms: A child rights approach to designing digital experiences. New Media & Society.
Byrne, J. Helsper. E.J. & Vosloo, S (2023). Towards Child-Centred and Future-Ready Inclusive Digital Public Infrastructure. Policy brief for Our Common Digital Future: Affordable, Accessible and Inclusive Digital Public Infrastructure. UNICEF. Geneva (CH) and Delhi (India).
Kidron, B. & Rudkin, A. (2023). Digital Childhood. Addressing Childhood Developmental Milestones in the Digital Environment. 2nd edition. 5Rights Foundation.
5Rights Foundation (2023). Disrupted Childhood: The cost of persuasive design. London: 5Rights Foundation.
Stoilova, M., Bulger, M. & Livingstone, S. (2023). Do parental control tools fulfil family expectations for child protection? A rapid evidence review of the contexts and outcomes of use Journal of Children and Media, 18(1), pp. 29-49.
Stoilova, M., Rahali, M. & Livingstone, S. (2023). Classifying and responding to online risk to children: good practice guide. London: Insafe helplines and LSE.
2022
Livingstone, S., Helsper, E. & Rahali, M. (2022). The digital lives of children and youth. Chapter 9, Global Connectivity Report 2022. International Telecommunications Union. See also the blog.
Vissenberg, J., d’Haenens, L. & Livingstone, S. (2022). Digital Literacy and Online Resilience as Facilitators of Young People’s Well-Being? A systematic review. European Psychologist, 27(2), 76-85.
Ghai, S., Magis-Weinberg, L., Stoilova, M., Livingstone, S. & Orben, A. (2022). Social media and adolescent well-being in the Global South. Current Opinion in Psychology, 46, 101318.
Day, E., Pothong, K., Atabey, A. & Livingstone, S. (2022). Who controls children’s education data? A socio-legal analysis of the UK governance regimes for schools and EdTech. Learning, Media and Technology, (pp. 1–15).
Livingstone, S., & Pothong, K. (2022) The problem and the potential of children’s education data. In Livingstone, S., and Pothong, K. (Eds.), Education Data Futures: Critical, Regulatory and Practical Reflections (pp.16-34). 5Rights Foundation.
Livingstone, S. & Rahali, M. (2022). #SponsoredAds: monitoring influencer marketing to young audiences. Media Policy Briefs (23). LSE.
Hooper, L., Livingstone, S. & Pothong, K. (2022). Problems with Data Governance in UK Schools: The Cases of Google Classroom and ClassDojo. Digital Futures Commission, 5Rights Foundation.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Helsper, E.J. & Vosloo, S. (2022). Towards a Child-Centred Digital Equality Framework. Office of Global Insight and Policy (OGIP), UNICEF, Geneva (CH).
Livingstone, S. (2022). A child rights approach to online risks and opportunities. In Jaffé, P., Lakatos, O., Langenegger Roux, N., Moodly, Z., Nanchen, Ch., & Zermatten, J. (Eds.) Les droits de l'enfant à l’ère digitale: Faut-il protéger les enfants des écrans? (pp. 17-25) University of Geneva.
Livingstone, S. & Pothong, K. (Eds.). (2022). Education Data Futures: Critical, Regulatory and Practical Reflections. Digital Futures Commission, 5Rights Foundation.
Pothong, K. & Livingstone, S. (2022). Consulting children during COVID-19: managing research ethics on Zoom. In S. Kotilainen (Ed.), Methods in practice: Studying children and youth online (chapter 11). Retrieved 05 May 2025.
Livingstone, S. & Pothong, K. (2022). Imaginative play in digital environments: Designing social and creative opportunities for identity formation. Information, Communication & Society, 25(4), 485–501.
Turner, S. (2024). Reality check on technology uses in UK state schools. Digital Futures Commission.
Turner, S., Pothong, K. & Livingstone, S. (2022). Education data reality: the challenges for schools in managing children’s education data. Digital Futures Commission, 5Rights Foundation.
5Rights Foundation. (2022). Shedding light on AI: A framework for algorithmic oversight. London: 5Rights Foundation.
5Rights Foundation. (2022). Approaches to children’s data protection: A comparative international mapping. London: 5Rights Foundation.
2021 and earlier
Livingstone, S. & Pothong, K. (2021). Playful by design: a vision of free play in a digital world.Digital Futures Commission, 5Rights Foundation.
Mukherjee, S., Pothong, K. & Livingstone, S. (2021). Child Rights Impact Assessment: A tool to realise child rights in the digital environment. Digital Futures Commission, 5Rights Foundation.
5Rights Foundation (2021). Pathways: How digital design puts children at risk. London: 5Rights Foundation.
Colvert, A. (2021). The kaleidoscope of play in a digital world: a literature review. Digital Futures Commission, 5Rights Foundation.
5Rights Foundation (2021). Risky by Design. London: 5Rights Foundation.
5Rights Foundation (2021). But how do they know it is a child? Age Assurance in the Digital World. London: 5Rights Foundation.
Cowan, K. (2020). A Panorama of Play – A Literature Review. Digital Futures Commission. London: 5Rights Foundation.
Stoilova, M., Livingstone, S., & Nandagiri, R. (2020). Digital by default: children’s capacity to understand and manage online data and privacy. Media and Communication, 8(4).
Livingstone, S. & Mukherjee, S. (2020). Children and Young People’s Voices. Digital Futures Commission, 5Rights Foundation.
5Rights Foundation (2020). Child Online Safety Toolkit. London: 5Rights Foundation.
Livingstone, S., Kardefelt-Winther, D., Kanchev, P., Cabello, P., Claro, M., Burton, P., & Phyfer, J. (2019). Is there a ladder of children’s online participation? Findings from three Global Kids Online countries. Florence: UNICEF Research Paper.
Third, A., Livingstone, S. & Lansdown, G. (2019). Recognising children’s rights in relation to digital technologies: Challenges of voice and evidence, principle and practice. In Kettemann, M., Vieth, K., & Wagner, B. (Eds), Research Handbook on Human Rights and Digital Technology (pp.376-410). London: Edward Elgar.
Lievens, E., Livingstone, S., McLaughlin, S., O’Neill, B. & Verdoodt, V. (2018). Children’s rights and digital technologies. In T. Liefaard and U. Kilkelly (Eds.), International Children’s Rights Law. Berlin: Springer.
Livingstone, S. & Third, A. (2017). Children and young people’s rights in the digital age: An emerging agenda. New Media & Society, 19(5): 657–670.
Livingstone, S. (2016). Reframing media effects in terms of children’s rights in the digital age. Journal of Children and Media, 10(1): 4-12.
Stoilova, M., Livingstone, S. & Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2016) Global Kids Online: researching children’s rights globally in the digital age. Global Studies of Childhood, 6(4): 455-466.